{"id":14854,"date":"2025-06-15T11:11:42","date_gmt":"2025-06-15T10:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/?page_id=14854"},"modified":"2026-02-04T20:34:17","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T20:34:17","slug":"low-arousal-approaches","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/what-helps-guides\/pda-approaches\/low-arousal-approaches\/","title":{"rendered":"Low arousal approaches"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;low-arousal-approaches-and-pda&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; background_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||0px||true|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Low arousal approaches and PDA&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; title_text_align_tablet=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;32px|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||16px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; text_orientation_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_orientation_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; text_orientation_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Dr. Andrew McDonnell developed the Low Arousal Approach to minimise stress and avoid escalation. This approach is helpful for PDA people, who can experience anxiety when faced with everyday demands. Traditional behaviour strategies can rely on rules, reinforcement, and consequences. McDonnell\u2019s approach asks caregivers and professionals to help reduce anxiety through changing their behaviours and environments they work in.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-12.-26.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;4, 12. 26&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;80%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|24px|24px|24px|24px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||0px||true|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Core principles of the low arousal approach&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; title_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; title_text_align_tablet=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;32px|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||16px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; text_orientation_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_orientation_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; text_orientation_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>The low arousal approach has a strong evidence base:<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; height=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_free_form=&#8221;selector ul li strong {|| font-weight: 900;||}||selector ul li {|| font-weight: 400 !important;|| position: relative;|| padding-left: 37px;|| margin-bottom: 15px;||}||||selector ul {|| list-style-type: none;|| padding: 0 !important;||}||selector ul li::before{|| content: %22%22;|| position: absolute;|| width: 24px;|| height: 24px;|| background-image: url(%22data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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%22);|| background-size: contain;|| background-repeat: no-repeat;|| top: 4px;|| left: 0;||}||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<ul>\n<li>Evidence suggests that maintaining low-stimulation, predictable, and calming environments significantly reduces anxiety-driven behaviours. For PDAers, this might mean reducing sensory input or incorporating familiar\/ comforting elements into their daily routines. (McDonnell, 2019)<\/li>\n<li>Demands can cause intense anxiety for PDA people, resulting in avoidance or challenging behaviours. Studies show significantly reducing the frequency and intensity of demands can lead to measurable reductions in these behaviours (Christie &amp; Fidler, 2012).<\/li>\n<li>Caregivers&#8217; and support staff\u2019s ability to manage their responses and present calm, neutral, and non-confrontational behaviour is critical. Research shows adult emotional regulation significantly influences anxiety levels and behaviours in neurodivergent populations (McDonnell, 2019)<\/li>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;practical-implementation-examples&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-9868c831-dc08-4be7-96b8-e0cb537cb9dc&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-9868c831-dc08-4be7-96b8-e0cb537cb9dc%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Practical implementation examples&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h2&#8243; title_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; title_text_align_tablet=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;32px|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||16px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; text_orientation_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_orientation_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; text_orientation_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Practical implementation examples for PDA adults:<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; height=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_free_form=&#8221;selector ul li strong {|| font-weight: 900;||}||selector ul li {|| font-weight: 400 !important;|| position: relative;|| padding-left: 37px;|| margin-bottom: 15px;||}||||selector ul {|| list-style-type: none;|| padding: 0 !important;||}||selector ul li::before{|| content: %22%22;|| position: absolute;|| width: 24px;|| height: 24px;|| background-image: url(%22data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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%22);|| background-size: contain;|| background-repeat: no-repeat;|| top: 4px;|| left: 0;||}||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<ul>\n<li>Knowing which demands consistently heighten stress enables you to plan around them. Scheduling sensory breaks or anxiety-reducing activities can help.<\/li>\n<li><span><\/span>Flexible and adaptable routines help to reduce anxiety, providing control and predictability.<\/li>\n<li><span><\/span>Managing social interactions can help avoid sensory and emotional overload. This can help you have more rewarding social experiences and relationships.<span><\/span><\/li>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;32px|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||16px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; text_orientation_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_orientation_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; text_orientation_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>When supporting PDAers, evidence-based practical strategies include:<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; height=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_free_form=&#8221;selector ul li strong {|| font-weight: 900;||}||selector ul li {|| font-weight: 400 !important;|| position: relative;|| padding-left: 37px;|| margin-bottom: 15px;||}||||selector ul {|| list-style-type: none;|| padding: 0 !important;||}||selector ul li::before{|| content: %22%22;|| position: absolute;|| width: 24px;|| height: 24px;|| background-image: url(%22data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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%22);|| background-size: contain;|| background-repeat: no-repeat;|| top: 4px;|| left: 0;||}||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<ul>\n<li>Structuring demands gently and offering choices rather than instructions significantly reduces anxiety. This has shown positive outcomes in engagement and behaviour (Christie &amp; Fidler, 2012).<\/li>\n<li><span><\/span>Approximately 60% of communication is non-verbal. Neutral and calming body language is crucial to prevent anxiety (McDonnell, 2019).<\/li>\n<li><span><\/span>Modelling calm, controlled responses can reduce anxiety and distressed behaviours. Caregivers who assess and adapt their emotional reactions can see a reduction in anxiety-driven behaviours (McDonnell et al., 2015).<\/li>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Why the Low Arousal Approach is effective for PDAers&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; title_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; title_text_align_tablet=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;32px|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||16px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; text_orientation_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_orientation_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; text_orientation_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>The Low Arousal Approach works well for PDAers because it reduces the anxiety that demands often cause. It does this by managing the environment, lowering the number of demands, and using supportive communication. These changes help because they address the real issue behind PDA behaviours, which is anxiety, not deliberate defiance.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;32px|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; text_orientation_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_orientation_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; text_orientation_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Using Low Arousal Approaches can also help PDA individuals and caregivers build relationships based on mutual support and respect. This method is backed by evidence, making it a strong choice for leaders to adopt. It helps reduce distressed behaviours and greatly improves the everyday wellbeing of PDAers.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Andrew McDonnell developed the Low Arousal Approach to minimise stress and avoid escalation. This approach is helpful for PDA people, who can experience anxiety when faced with everyday demands. Traditional behaviour strategies can rely on rules, reinforcement, and consequences. McDonnell\u2019s approach asks caregivers and professionals to help reduce anxiety through changing their behaviours and environments they work in.The low arousal approach has a strong evidence base: Evidence suggests that maintaining low-stimulation, predictable, and calming environments significantly reduces anxiety-driven behaviours. For PDAers, this might mean reducing sensory input or incorporating familiar\/ comforting elements into their daily routines. (McDonnell, 2019) Demands can cause intense anxiety for PDA people, resulting in avoidance or challenging behaviours. Studies show significantly reducing the frequency and intensity of demands can lead to measurable reductions in these behaviours (Christie &amp; Fidler, 2012). Caregivers&#8217; and support staff\u2019s ability to manage their responses and present calm, neutral, and non-confrontational behaviour is critical. Research shows adult emotional regulation significantly influences anxiety levels and behaviours in neurodivergent populations (McDonnell, 2019) Practical implementation examples for PDA adults: Knowing which demands consistently heighten stress enables you to plan around them. Scheduling sensory breaks or anxiety-reducing activities can help. Flexible and adaptable routines help [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"parent":10903,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:divi\/placeholder \/-->","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"course_tag":[364,317],"class_list":["post-14854","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","course_tag-anxiety","course_tag-pda-strategies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14854"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14854\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10903"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"course_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/course_tag?post=14854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}