For many PDA learners, education settings can feel overwhelming, unpredictable or unsafe. Everyday parts of education – following routines, completing tasks, interacting with peers, or even just showing up – can feel like demands that trigger extreme anxiety.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]
PDAers often face significant barriers in accessing education. While each person is different, some common challenges include:<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/22.png” title_text=”22″ align=”center” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” width=”80%” border_radii=”on|24px|24px|24px|24px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Attendance and avoidance” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]Many PDA learners experience anticipatory anxiety that makes it difficult or impossible to attend. They may avoid a placement entirely, arrive late, walk out of learning activities or become dysregulated once there. These aren\u2019t signs of disengagement or defiance \u2013 they are signs that the student is overwhelmed.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”Navigating rules and routines” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]Timetables, unstructured breaks, large groups, needing to sit still, or learning in one fixed way can all feel too demanding. Even things that are intended by educators as positives \u2013 like assemblies, awards or changes to routine \u2013 can cause stress and lead to avoidance or distress. Consistency in approach is vital, but so is flexibility.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”Communication difficulties” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]PDAers may appear sociable or compliant on the surface but often struggle to communicate underlying distress. Direct questioning or formal formats can increase anxiety. They might lean into fantasy, role play, or control in social settings, and while many want friendships, the need for autonomy can sometimes make these hard to sustain.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”Sensory and environmental stressors” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]The physical environment can create constant pressure. Busy display boards, strong smells, fluorescent lighting, or crowded corridors and outdoor spaces may all trigger sensory overload. Sudden timetable or staff changes can heighten anxiety due to an intolerance of uncertainty. These layers of stress add up quickly.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”Work, assessment and autonomy” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]For PDAers, tasks like homework, assignments, tests and even being asked a question in class can all feel like overwhelming demands \u2013 especially when there\u2019s little choice or flexibility. They may avoid activities possibly suggesting it\u2019s boring or that they already know it; or destroy their own work, particularly if it\u2019s been praised. This isn\u2019t about laziness, being rude or lack of ability \u2013 it\u2019s about a deep need to retain control and reduce anxiety.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding_phone=”||24px||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”What happens when needs aren\u2019t met?” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]
Without the right understanding and support, these challenges can escalate. The impact can be far-reaching – not just on education, but on mental health and future wellbeing. If a PDA learner\u2019s needs aren\u2019t recognised or addressed, this may lead to:<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_free_form=”selector ul li strong {|| font-weight: 900;||}||selector ul li {|| font-weight: 400 !important;|| position: relative;|| padding-left: 37px;|| margin-bottom: 15px;||}||||selector ul {|| list-style-type: none;|| padding: 0 !important;||}||selector ul li::before{|| content: %22%22;|| position: absolute;|| width: 24px;|| height: 24px;|| background-image: url(%22data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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%22);|| background-size: contain;|| background-repeat: no-repeat;|| top: 4px;|| left: 0;||}||” global_colors_info=”{}”]
Understanding PDA doesn\u2019t mean lowering your expectations. It means rethinking how we help students meet them – with compassion, flexibility and trust. When we do this well, and become learning facilitators, PDAers don\u2019t just survive school – they start to thrive.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”PDA and the law around meeting need” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]
Everyone has the right to an education that meets their individual needs, and the law is clear that this support must be based on those needs, not whether or not a formal diagnosis has been given.<\/p>\n
Under the Equality Act 2010, people who meet the legal definition of a disability are protected from discrimination. This protection applies regardless of whether they hold a formal diagnosis.<\/p>\n
A person is considered disabled if: \u201cThey have a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.\u201d<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]
If a person\u2019s condition meets these criteria above, they are considered disabled -regardless of whether they have a medical label. This means that people without a diagnosis still qualify for reasonable adjustments.<\/span><\/p>\n Within England, the Children and Families Act 2014 introduced legal duties for identifying and meeting special educational needs, including through education, health and care plans (EHCPs). The SEND Code of Practice explains that children do not need a diagnosis to receive support: \u201cNeeds should be identified and addressed as early as possible, and the support provided to an individual should always be based on a full understanding of their particular strengths and needs.\u201d This means that if a child is struggling in education, schools and settings have a duty to respond to the impact those challenges are having \u2013 not just the label attached to them.<\/span><\/p>\n Similar legislation and guidelines are in place across Wales (individual education plans, IEP) Northern Ireland (statements of special educational needs) and Scotland (co-ordinated support plan, CSP) and should be referred to as needed.<\/span><\/p>\n The law obliges everyone including education providers to evaluate and reduce barriers to access. It encourages earlier, more effective intervention-without the need to wait for a diagnosis. It also means whether your setting, local authority or NHS service recognises PDA or not, the needs presented to you by a PDAer warrant you considering how to make reasonable adjustments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”PDA, co-occurring conditions & diagnostic overshadowing” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” title_text_align_tablet=”left” title_text_align_phone=”left” title_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] PDA rarely exists in isolation. Many PDAers will have more than one diagnosis. This could be something like ADHD -or anxiety disorders, speech & language disorders including selective\/situational mutism, obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They might also be experiencing chronic stress, social isolation or trauma.<\/span><\/p>\n In some cases, there is a risk of diagnostic overshadowing. This describes when everything someone is experiencing is attributed to one cause, when in fact there are more. For example, a PDAer might also be experiencing:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px|16px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”32px|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_orientation_tablet=”” text_orientation_phone=”left” text_orientation_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_free_form=”selector ul li strong {|| font-weight: 900;||}||selector ul li {|| font-weight: 400 !important;|| position: relative;|| padding-left: 37px;|| margin-bottom: 15px;||}||||selector ul {|| list-style-type: none;|| padding: 0 !important;||}||selector ul li::before{|| content: %22%22;|| position: absolute;|| width: 24px;|| height: 24px;|| background-image: url(%22data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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%22);|| background-size: contain;|| background-repeat: no-repeat;|| top: 4px;|| left: 0;||}||” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] Remembering that PDA characteristics exist alongside other challenges helps professionals tailor their approach. Recognising overlapping challenges increases the likelihood of your support being effective<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Information guidance for education professionals and approaches to help PDA profile individuals to learn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"parent":11187,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"course_tag":[352,353],"class_list":["post-15042","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","course_tag-cpd-for-professionals","course_tag-pda-for-teachers"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15042"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15042\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"course_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/course_tag?post=15042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n