{"id":7765,"date":"2025-04-08T20:27:22","date_gmt":"2025-04-08T19:27:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/?page_id=7765"},"modified":"2025-05-14T07:02:05","modified_gmt":"2025-05-14T06:02:05","slug":"research-overviews","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/research-professional-practice\/research-overviews\/","title":{"rendered":"Research overviews"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;PDA Research overviews&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; title_text_align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; title_text_align_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;&#8211;et_global_heading_font||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;30px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;30px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;15px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are lots of research overviews on this page, you can use the drop down box to search by research title if you know it, or if you are looking for research by particular researchers or on specific subjects using our search function (which you\u2019ll find in the header) will help you find what you are looking for.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]    <style>\n\n    .site-visit-group {\n        display: flex;\n        align-items: center;\n        gap: 12px;\n        margin-bottom: 1em;\n    }\n\n    .custom-select-wrapper {\n        position: relative;\n        display: flex;\n        width: 70%;\n        align-items: center;\n        margin:\n        20px auto 0 auto;\n    }\n\n    .resource-selector {\n        appearance: none;\n        -webkit-appearance: none;\n        -moz-appearance: none;\n        width: 100%;\n        border: 2px solid #7186FF;\n        border-radius: 8px;\n        min-height: 43px;\n        font-size: 18px;\n        color: black;\n        cursor: pointer;\n        padding-left: 18px;\n\t\twhite-space: nowrap;\n    \ttext-overflow: ellipsis;\n   \t\t padding-right: 40px;\n    }\n\n    .custom-dropdown-icon {\n        position: absolute;\n        right: 18px;\n        top: 9px;\n        pointer-events: none;\n    }\n\t\t\n\t\t@media(max-width: 767px) {\n\t\t\t.custom-select-wrapper {\n\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n    <\/style>\n    <div class=\"site-visit-group\">\n     <div class=\"custom-select-wrapper\">\n        <select id=\"crp-resource-selector\" class=\"resource-selector\">\n            <option value=\"\">-- Select a Resource --<\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11960\">\n                    Adult Diagnosis of Pathological Demand Avoidance \u2013 Subsequent Care Planning                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11849\">\n                    An Exploration into the Experiences of School-Aged Children with a Demand Avoidant Profile of Autism                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11913\">\n                    An Exploration of the PDA Profile in Children                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11916\">\n                    An Unhelpful Label? Examining PDA from a Critical Perspective                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11924\">\n                    Autism, PDA Presentations, and Theory of Mind (PhD thesis)                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11931\">\n                    Behavioural and Emotional Disorders in Childhood: An Overview for Paediatricians                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-16119\">\n                    Being Misunderstood                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11932\">\n                    Commentary: Conceptualising Demand Avoidance                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11935\">\n                    Commentary: Conceptualising Demand Avoidance in an ASD Context \u2013 A Response to Osman Malik &#038; Gillian Baird (2018)                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11930\">\n                    Demand Avoidance is Not Necessarily Defiance                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11928\">\n                    Developing an Assessment Pathway for Children with a Pathological Demand Avoidance Profile                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11957\">\n                    Development of the Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire (EDA-Q)                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11950\">\n                    Diagnostic Tool: Features of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) Identified Using the DISCO                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11938\">\n                    Differentiating Between Pathological Demand Avoidance and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case Study                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11939\">\n                    Dimensions of Difficulty in Children with Autism and Extreme Pathological Demand Avoidance                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11917\">\n                    Editorial, commentaries and responses on the paper \u2018Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety in Extreme Demand Avoidance\u2019                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11926\">\n                    Emotion Regulation and Executive Function in Autism and PDA (PhD thesis)                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-16053\">\n                    Examining the relationship between anxiety and pathological demand avoidance in adults: a mixed methods approach                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11941\">\n                    Excluded from School: Autistic Students\u2019 Experiences of School Exclusion and Re-Integration                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11897\">\n                    Extreme Demand Avoidance 8-Item Measure (EDA-8)                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11903\">\n                    Extreme Demand Avoidance in Children: Refinement of a Caregiver-Report Measure                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11914\">\n                    Extreme\/Pathological Demand Avoidance: An Overview                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11961\">\n                    Helping Your Child with PDA to Play: Eight Strategies for Supporting a Child with Pathological Demand Avoidance at Home                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11946\">\n                    Identifying Features of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) Using the Diagnostic Interview (DISCO)                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-16117\">\n                    In Our Words                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11912\">\n                    Individual Differences, ADHD, Adult Pathological Demand Avoidance, and Delinquency                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11896\">\n                    Mapping experiences of PDA in Ireland                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11945\">\n                    Mapping the Educational Experiences of Children with Pathological Demand Avoidance                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11895\">\n                    Parental Evaluation of Educational Provision for Children with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA): A Qualitative Study                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11918\">\n                    Parenting Strategies in ASD                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11942\">\n                    Parents\u2019 Experiences of Professionals\u2019 Involvement for Children with Extreme Demand Avoidance                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11956\">\n                    Pathological Demand Avoidance in a Population-Based Cohort of Children with Epilepsy: Four Case Studies                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11907\">\n                    Pathological Demand Avoidance in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11954\">\n                    Pathological Demand Avoidance: Exploring the Behavioural Profile                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11929\">\n                    Pathological Demand Avoidance: Symptoms but Not a Syndrome                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11943\">\n                    PDA Behavioural Features: An Examination Using a Semi-Structured Interview                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11952\">\n                    Prevalence Study: Extreme (&#8220;Pathological&#8221;) Demand Avoidance in Autism                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11937\">\n                    Preventing School Exclusion: A Case Study of a Primary-Aged Autistic Child with ADHD and a PDA Profile                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11921\">\n                    Progressing the Research on PDA                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11955\">\n                    Reflections on the 2014 Paper by O\u2019Nions et al                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11911\">\n                    The Educational Experiences of Autistic Children With and Without Extreme Demand Avoidance Behaviours                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-16054\">\n                    The Experiences of Mothers of Autistic Children with a Pathological Demand Avoidance Profile: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11923\">\n                    The Measurement of Adult Pathological Demand Avoidance Traits                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11963\">\n                    The Need for Distinguishing PDA within Pervasive Developmental Disorders                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11920\">\n                    The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety in Extreme Demand Avoidance                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11927\">\n                    Tool to Support Diagnosis of ASD, PDA, and Attachment Disorders                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11922\">\n                    Understanding Extreme\/Pathological Demand Avoidance (E\/PDA)                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11893\">\n                    Views and Experiences of Teachers Working with LGBT+ Pupils with SEND                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-16049\">\n                    What are the experiences and support needs of families of autistic children with Extreme (or \u2018Pathological\u2019) Demand Avoidance (E\/PDA) behaviours?                <\/option>\n                            <option value=\"#post-id-11826\">\n                    What are the experiences and support needs of families of autistic children with Extreme (or \u2018Pathological\u2019) Demand Avoidance (E\/PDA) behaviours?                <\/option>\n                    <\/select>\n        <span class=\"custom-dropdown-icon\">\n                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"25\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 25\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                        <rect y=\"0.5\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#7186FF\"\/>\n                        <path d=\"M6.75 10.75L12 15.25L17.25 10.75\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/svg>\n                <\/span>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <script>\n        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\n            const selector = document.getElementById('crp-resource-selector');\n            if (selector) {\n                selector.addEventListener('change', function () {\n                    const targetId = this.value;\n                    if (targetId) {\n                        const el = document.querySelector(targetId);\n                        if (el) {\n                            el.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth' });\n                        }\n                    }\n                });\n            }\n        });\n    <\/script>\n    [\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-9868c831-dc08-4be7-96b8-e0cb537cb9dc&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-9868c831-dc08-4be7-96b8-e0cb537cb9dc%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<div class=\"crp-resources-list\"><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-16054\"><h2>Title: The Experiences of Mothers of Autistic Children with a Pathological Demand Avoidance Profile: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2025<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Family Experiences, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), Service Provision, Support Needs<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Sam Curtis and Elizabeth Izett<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW264246355 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264246355 BCX0\">This\u00a0qualitative study explored the experiences and support needs of ten mothers of autistic children with a PDA profile. Parents reported limited understanding of PDA among professionals, resulting in misinterpretation, stigma, and inadequate or even harmful support. Mothers described highly demanding relationships with their children, significant emotional toll, isolation, and challenges balancing family needs, while also finding relief, validation, and practical strategies through shared understanding with other parents. The study highlights the need for greater recognition of PDA, flexible low-demand approaches, and informed services that can support both children and their families effectively.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW264246355 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:0,&quot;335551620&quot;:0}\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/The-Experience-of-Mothers-of-Autistic-children-with-PDA.pdf\">The Experience of Mothers of Autistic children with PDA<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-16049\"><h2>Title: What are the experiences and support needs of families of autistic children with Extreme (or \u2018Pathological\u2019) Demand Avoidance (E\/PDA) behaviours?<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2025<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Demand Avoidance, Diagnosis, Experiences, PDA, Qualitative Research<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Saher Nawaz, Susan Speer<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The study explored the experiences and support needs of parents caring for autistic children who display Extreme or Pathological Demand Avoidance (E\/PDA) behaviours. Through interviews with 21 parents, the researchers\u00a0identified\u00a0four key themes: a lack of understanding and recognition of E\/PDA by professionals, the blaming and judgment of parents through a neuro-normative lens, inadequate and non-individualised support, and significant emotional and relational distress experienced by families. These findings reveal a harmful cycle in which poor understanding leads to inappropriate responses and unmet needs, compounding the challenges faced by both children and their families. The study emphasizes the urgent need for E\/PDA-informed training, personalised support strategies, and a shift away from rigid diagnostic categories toward more nuanced, formulation-based approaches in service provision.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;134245418&quot;:false,&quot;134245529&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11849\"><h2>Title: An Exploration into the Experiences of School-Aged Children with a Demand Avoidant Profile of Autism<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2024<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Education, Extreme Demand Avoidance, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Amelia Green<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This research, conducted by Amelia Green at the University of Birmingham, explores the challenges faced by school-aged children with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). Based on input from over 1,000 parents and young people, the study highlights key issues affecting PDA children and their families.<\/p>\n<p>Findings reveal significant struggles with school attendance, high exclusion rates, and a widespread lack of appropriate support. The study emphasises the need for Education, Health, and Care Plans (EHCPs) that accurately reflect a child\u2019s specific needs. Additionally, it discusses the value of a formal PDA diagnosis in securing the right educational and therapeutic support. The research calls for urgent changes in how PDA is understood and managed within the education system, advocating for better recognition and tailored interventions to help children with PDA thrive.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/AMELIA-GREEN_AN-EXPLORATION-INTO-THE-EDUCATIONAL-EXPERIENCES-OF-PDA-CHILDREN-DISTRIBUTION-VERSION-v3.0-.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11893\"><h2>Title: Views and Experiences of Teachers Working with LGBT+ Pupils with SEND<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2024<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Inclusive Education, Intersectionality, LGBT+, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, SEND, Special Educational Needs, Teacher Perspectives<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Klaudia Matasovska<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This peer-reviewed article explores the views and experiences of Special Educational Needs (SEN) practitioners working with LGBT+ pupils with SEND, including those with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). Through one-to-one online interviews and a review of existing literature, the study highlights key challenges and areas for improvement in supporting this intersectional\u00a0group.<\/p>\n<p>The paper makes several\u00a0recommendations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>LGBT+ inclusion should be integrated into everyday school culture to ensure staff consistency in supporting LGBT+ SEND learners.<\/li>\n<li>Staff training in both mainstream and SEN settings is essential to reduce discrimination, stigma, and misconceptions.<\/li>\n<li>Relationships and Sex Education (RSE) guidance should be updated to include specific strategies for teaching LGBT+ content to SEND students.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Overall, the study calls for a more inclusive and accepting school environment to promote a sense of belonging for LGBT+ pupils with SEND, improving their educational experiences and\u00a0well-being.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19361653.2024.2334065\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-16119\"><h2>Title: Being Misunderstood<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2023<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> mental health, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), survey<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> PDA Society<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">In May 2023, the PDA Society launched\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">\u00a0\u2018Being Understood\u2019 survey to help us\u202fgather up to date information\u202fabout what life is like for the PDA community.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">PDA people (age 17 years or over) and parents, carers and partners of PDA people were invited to take part and share their lived experience of PDA.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">921 people responded to our survey<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">mental health is one of the key themes\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\">emerging<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\"> from our analysis of responses. This briefing provides an overview of what survey participants told us about mental health.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153584585 BCX0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PDA-and-mental-health-key-findings-from-Being-Understood.pdf\">PDA and mental health key findings from &#8216;Being Understood&#8217;<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-16117\"><h2>Title: In Our Words<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2023<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Family Experiences, Pathological Demand Avoidance, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), Questionnaire<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> PDA Society<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>In May 2023, the PDA launched a community survey, to which 921 people responded. The report presents the survey findings focusing on the experiences of three groups of survey respondents-PDA children and young people, PDA adults and parents and carers. The aim of the survey was to find out what life is like for the PDA community, to listen to and learn from lived experience, and to use this knowledge to advocate for change.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PDA-In-Our-Words-Full-Report.pdf\">PDA In Our Words Full Report<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-16053\"><h2>Title: Examining the relationship between anxiety and pathological demand avoidance in adults: a mixed methods approach<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2023<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Anticipation, Anxiety, Approach-avoidance behaviour, Interpretive phenomenological analysis, Intolerance of uncertainty, Vulnerability factors<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Matt Johnson and Helen Saunderson<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW208155342 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208155342 BCX0\">This<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208155342 BCX0\">\u00a0mixed\u2011methods study investigated how anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) are linked to Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) in adults. In Experiment 1, an online survey of 163 adults found that both general anxiety (measured by MASQ\u2011D30) and IU (via IUS\u201112) were significant predictors of PDA traits (via the EDA\u2011QA). In Experiment 2, follow\u2011up interviews with 13 participants revealed four key themes shaping demand\u2011avoidant behaviour: the dynamic between approach and avoidance, factors biasing anticipation of demands, underlying vulnerabilities, and developmental patterns. Collectively, the findings suggest that anxiety and IU continue to underpin and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208155342 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208155342 BCX0\">\u00a0PDA-like behaviours in adults, with anticipatory responses playing a critical role in triggering avoidance.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW208155342 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;134245418&quot;:false,&quot;134245529&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11895\"><h2>Title: Parental Evaluation of Educational Provision for Children with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA): A Qualitative Study<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2023<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Education, Extreme Demand Avoidance, Parent Blame, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Linda Lumsden<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This dissertation explores how children with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) engage with learning, using interviews, surveys, and a review of existing research to understand the perspectives of parents and carers. The study emphasises the importance of tailoring educational support to the individual needs of children and\u00a0families.<\/p>\n<p>Parents and carers made several key recommendations for improving the educational experience of children with\u00a0PDA:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Increased knowledge and training<\/strong>\u00a0for school professionals to better support PDA students.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stronger collaboration<\/strong>\u00a0between parents, teachers, and support services to improve home-school transitions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recognising parents as experts<\/strong>\u00a0in their children\u2019s needs and valuing them as partners in their education.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The study highlights the challenges PDA children face in mainstream education and stresses the need for greater awareness and cooperation to create a supportive learning environment. It provides valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and families navigating PDA in\u00a0education.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Linda_Dissertation_PDA_SEP_2023.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11896\"><h2>Title: Mapping experiences of PDA in Ireland<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2022<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Assessment, Autism, Education, Healthcare, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), Support Strategies<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Alison Doyle and Neil Kenny<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This national study gathered insights from PDA individuals, their families, and professionals to understand knowledge, diagnosis, and support for PDA. Researchers surveyed 264 parents, 9 life partners, 6 PDA individuals, and 54 practitioners. They also conducted interviews and focus groups. The findings highlight the need for a flexible, informed, and personalised approach to assessing and supporting PDA individuals. Practitioners emphasised the importance of a streamlined, multi-disciplinary system. The study also found a major gap between education and healthcare services, calling for fairer access to support. Addressing these challenges could improve outcomes for individuals and\u00a0families.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Please also\u00a0see:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/resources\/pda-in-ireland\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Mapping Experiences of PDA in Ireland Executive Summary<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 an initial summary of the findings of this study published in January 2020<\/li>\n<li><a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/resources\/practice-guidance-for-professionals-ireland\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Practice Guidance \u2013 Ireland<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 a series of seven evidence-based practical information sheets for professionals and parents which were developed following the recommendations of this study<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-3802.12579\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11911\"><h2>Title: The Educational Experiences of Autistic Children With and Without Extreme Demand Avoidance Behaviours<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2021<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Educational Support, Extreme Demand Avoidance (EDA), Parental Perspectives, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), School Experiences<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Clare Truman, Laura Crane, Patricia Howlin &amp; Elizabeth Pellicano<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study explores the school experiences of autistic children with and without Extreme Demand Avoidance (EDA) behaviours. Using an online survey, 211 parents shared insights into their children\u2019s education. The study grouped children into three categories: those diagnosed with PDA (AUT-PDA), those without a PDA diagnosis but displaying EDA behaviours (AUT-EDA), and those with neither (AUT). Findings showed that children with EDA behaviours, particularly those with PDA, exhibited more challenging behaviours in school. However, school exclusions occurred across all groups, highlighting broader concerns about how autistic students are supported. Parents reported overwhelmingly negative school experiences, often attributing them to a lack of understanding of their child\u2019s needs and insufficient targeted support. The study emphasises the importance of better recognition and support for autistic children with EDA traits to improve their educational\u00a0experiences.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13603116.2021.1916108\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11907\"><h2>Title: Pathological Demand Avoidance in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2021<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Anxiety, Autism, Avoidant Behaviour, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), Research Development, Trauma<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Kildahl, Helverschou, Rysstad, Wigaard, Hellerud, Ludvigsen, and Howlin<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper provides an overview of the research history of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) and highlights areas where further study is needed. Research on PDA is still in its early stages due to limited funding, and more work is required to determine how useful the concept is. The review emphasises the importance of longitudinal studies to track avoidant behaviours over time, as well as research into the role of anxiety, trauma, and environmental factors in PDA. Although the review predates key clinically based research (such as Eaton and Weaver), it reinforces the need for systematic studies to assess whether PDA as a concept leads to better outcomes. The authors stress that continued research is essential to understand and validate PDA\u2019s role in diagnosis and\u00a0intervention.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613211034382\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11897\"><h2>Title: Extreme Demand Avoidance 8-Item Measure (EDA-8)<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2021<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Caregiver Report, Extreme Demand Avoidance (EDA), Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), Questionnaire<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Dr. Liz O\u2019Nions et al.<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>The EDA-8 is a shorter version of the Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire (EDA-Q), first developed in 2013 by Dr. Liz O\u2019Nions and colleagues. The original EDA-Q measured caregiver-reported behaviours linked to Extreme or Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) in autistic children aged 5-17. It was created for research, not diagnosis. In 2021, the EDA-Q was refined into the EDA-8, an 8-item measure that focuses on the most consistent traits of PDA. Less reliable items, such as those influenced by age, gender, or independence, were removed. The EDA-8 is designed for research purposes and has not yet been tested in clinical\u00a0settings.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Link to\u00a0articles:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The English version of the EDA-8 can be downloaded <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EDA8-English.pdf\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The Norwegian version* of the EDA-8 (translated by Torill Fj\u00e6ran-Granum) can be downloaded <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EDA8-Norwegian.pdf\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The Spanish version* of the EDA-8 (translated by Rocio Manzanera Lidon) can be downloaded <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EDA8-for-PDA-Society-v2-Spanish.pdf\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The Finnish version* of the EDA-8 (translated by Autism Finland) can be downloaded <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EDA-8-suomi_Finnish.pdf\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The 2021 study describing the refinement of the EDA-8 can be found\u00a0<a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41252-021-00203-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The original article describing development of the EDA-Q can be found\u00a0<a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/1422617\/1\/O&#039;Nions_EDAQ_accepted.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>PLEASE NOTE<\/em><\/strong><em>:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>No clinician-rated instrument for identifying a PDA profile has yet been developed\u00a0and tested. However, a range of tools have been developed for research purposes which can be a helpful aid for practitioners exploring a PDA profile. The EDA-8 is one such tool with other tools listed in section \u20184.3. Diagnostic Tools\u2019 of our \u2018<\/em><a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/what-is-pda-menu\/identifying-assessing-pda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><em>Practice Guidance for Identifying and Assessing a PDA profile<\/em><\/a><em>\u2019.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The EDA-8 asks about a person\u2019s presentation not the causation of this presentation. There are a range of reasons why a person may present with extreme demand avoidance besides PDA. Therefore, a high score on the measure does not in itself indicate a PDA profile. More in-depth assessment is needed to establish whether a PDA profile is underpinning demand avoidance behaviours. This would consider early development and take into account any situational factors affecting current\u00a0behaviour.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The questionnaire is intended for use by researchers wanting to measure extreme demand avoidance\u00a0traits.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>*The PDA Society is not able to verify the accuracy of translations listed on our\u00a0website.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11903\"><h2>Title: Extreme Demand Avoidance in Children: Refinement of a Caregiver-Report Measure<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2021<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Assessment, Autism, Caregiver Report, EDA-8, Extreme Demand Avoidance (EDA), Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Francesca Happ\u00e9, Essi Viding &amp; Ilse Noens<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study presents the EDA-8, a shorter and more refined version of the Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire (EDA-Q). The EDA-8 is designed for researchers and professionals assessing neurodevelopmental conditions. Unlike the original EDA-Q, it does not include a cut-off score, making it more adaptable. While not intended for diagnosis, it may help identify children who need further assessment for Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) traits. The EDA-8 aims to improve understanding of demand-avoidant behaviours in autistic children and support better research and assessment\u00a0approaches.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41252-021-00203-z\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11826\"><h2>Title: What are the experiences and support needs of families of autistic children with Extreme (or \u2018Pathological\u2019) Demand Avoidance (E\/PDA) behaviours?<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2020<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Family Experiences, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), Service Provision, Support Needs<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Vincent Egan, Elinor Bull, and Grace Trundle<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study explored how Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) in adults relates to other conditions, including ADHD and personality traits. Researchers used the EDA-QA, a self-report tool for adults with PDA traits, and analysed responses from individuals who self-identified as having PDA. Participants also completed surveys on personality and behaviour. Findings suggested that in the general adult population, PDA traits were more strongly linked to ADHD, emotional instability, and antagonism than to autism. The study also examined links between PDA and delinquency, suggesting that PDA\u2019s association with rule-breaking behaviour may be due to these traits rather than autism itself. These results challenge some clinical perspectives, and the authors recommend further research in clinical settings to better understand PDA in adults.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0891422220301633\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11912\"><h2>Title: Individual Differences, ADHD, Adult Pathological Demand Avoidance, and Delinquency<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2020<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> ADHD, Autism, EDA-QA, Forensic Psychology, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Vincent Egan, Elinor Bull, and Grace Trundle<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study explored how Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) in adults relates to other conditions, including ADHD and personality traits. Researchers used the EDA-QA, a self-report tool for adults with PDA traits, and analysed responses from individuals who self-identified as having PDA. Participants also completed surveys on personality and behaviour. Findings suggested that in the general adult population, PDA traits were more strongly linked to ADHD, emotional instability, and antagonism than to autism. The study also examined links between PDA and delinquency, suggesting that PDA\u2019s association with rule-breaking behaviour may be due to these traits rather than autism itself. These results challenge some clinical perspectives, and the authors recommend further research in clinical settings to better understand PDA in\u00a0adults.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0891422220301633\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11913\"><h2>Title: An Exploration of the PDA Profile in Children<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2020<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> ADOS-2, Attachment Difficulties, Autism, Developmental History, Diagnostic Assessment, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Judy Eaton &amp; Kaylee Weaver<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study examines the characteristics of children referred for autism assessments, focusing on those with a Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) profile. Researchers analysed data from 351 children assessed between 2015 and 2017 at Dr. Judy Eaton\u2019s clinic. The first part of the study compared ADOS-2 (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) scores between children diagnosed with autism and those diagnosed with autism plus a PDA profile. The second part explored developmental history themes in autistic children with PDA versus non-autistic children with attachment difficulties. Findings showed distinct behavioural patterns in children with PDA, some of which had not been previously documented. While the study does not claim PDA is a separate diagnosis, it adds to the evidence suggesting PDA presents as a unique behavioural profile. Further research is needed to understand its relationship to autism and other\u00a0conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Help for Psychology has also written\u00a0<a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/help4psychology.co.uk\/blog\/pda-research-news\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">this summary<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Eaton-Weaver-An-explorationof-the-PDA-profile-in-children.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11914\"><h2>Title: Extreme\/Pathological Demand Avoidance: An Overview<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2020<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Anxiety, Autism, Avoidance Behaviours, Clinical Presentation, Educational Strategies, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions &amp; Judith Eaton<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This article provides an overview of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), focusing on how it presents in autistic children. The authors discuss key differences between children with a PDA profile and those with attachment difficulties. They explore how anxiety-driven avoidance of everyday demands can develop and highlight strategies to help reduce avoidance behaviours. These include creating positive routines that gradually increase a child\u2019s tolerance for demands while avoiding reinforcement of avoidance behaviours. The article emphasises that recognising the PDA profile can help caregivers and educators better understand and support autistic children who struggle with daily requests. While PDA is not a standalone diagnosis, describing its traits can improve care and educational approaches for affected\u00a0children.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ONions-Eaton-Extreme-pathological-demand-avoidance-an-overview.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11916\"><h2>Title: An Unhelpful Label? Examining PDA from a Critical Perspective<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2020<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Diagnosis, Neurodiversity, Pathological Demand Avoidance, Pathologization, PDA, Social Science<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Allison Moore<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper challenges the usefulness of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) as a diagnostic label from a social science and critical autism studies perspective. It argues that PDA may pathologize behaviours that are simply nonconforming to neurotypical expectations rather than indicative of a distinct\u00a0disorder.<\/p>\n<p>The author suggests that demand avoidance may be a rational response for autistic individuals, rather than a sign of defiance or disorder. Labelling young people as having PDA, the paper argues, risks reinforcing misunderstandings about autism and making them vulnerable to unnecessary interventions. It calls for a re-examination of how PDA is framed and whether it reflects a genuine clinical need or a failure to understand autistic\u00a0behaviours.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2043610619890070\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11917\"><h2>Title: Editorial, commentaries and responses on the paper \u2018Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety in Extreme Demand Avoidance\u2019<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2020<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Anxiety, Autism, Child Mental Health, Demand Avoidance, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Uncertainty<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Lisa Stuart, Victoria Grahame, Emma Honey, Mark Freeston, Jonathan Green, Richard Woods, Ann Ozsivadjian<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_83  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">\n<p>The original study explored why some children strongly resist demands; a behaviour linked to Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). Researchers looked at how intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and anxiety might explain this behaviour. A year after initial publication, the journal published comments and responses alongside an editorial which discusses the issues brought up by the original\u00a0paper.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_84  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">\n<p><strong>Link to Editorial:\u00a0<\/strong>The full editorial is available to\u00a0<a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/camh.12388\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">read here.<\/a>\u00a0Ann also recorded a podcast discussing PDA which is available on the ACAMH website\u00a0<a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acamh.org\/podcasts\/demand-avoidance-and-challenging-behaviour\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/toc\/14753588\/2020\/25\/2\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11920\"><h2>Title: The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety in Extreme Demand Avoidance<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2019<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Anxiety, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Clinical Implications, Demand Avoidance, Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU), Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Lisa Stuart, Victoria Grahame, Emma Honey, Mark Freeston<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study explores how intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and anxiety may explain extreme demand avoidance (PDA) in children and adolescents. Researchers from the NHS and Newcastle University examined how these factors contribute to demand-avoidant behaviours. The findings suggest that IU-a difficulty in coping with unpredictability-may be a key factor driving PDA behaviours in autistic children. This research builds on previous autism studies and has important clinical implications. Understanding the link between IU, anxiety, and demand avoidance could help improve assessment and management strategies for children with a PDA\u00a0profile.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/camh.12336\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment)<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11918\"><h2>Title: Parenting Strategies in ASD<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2019<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Accommodations, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Parenting Strategies, PDA Profile, Problem Behaviour, Reinforcement<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Eva Ceulemans, Francesca Happ\u00e9, Paul Benson, Kris Evers, Ilse Noens<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study examines how parents of autistic children, including those with a Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) profile, adapt their parenting strategies. Researchers used the \u2018Parenting Strategies Questionnaire\u2019 to assess how parents manage challenging behaviours. Findings show that parents of autistic children with problem behaviours are more likely to accommodate their child\u2019s needs by making adjustments or reducing uncertainty. Interestingly, the study found no significant differences in the use of discipline, rewards, or reinforcement strategies based on the child\u2019s behaviour. This research is one of the first to highlight how parents naturally adjust their approaches based on their child\u2019s unique behavioural profile. Understanding these adaptations may help improve parenting support for families of autistic\u00a0children.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04219-2.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11921\"><h2>Title: Progressing the Research on PDA<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2019<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Academic Collaboration, Autism, Demand Avoidance, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Research<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> PDA Society<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is widely considered part of the autism spectrum, but research in this area is still developing. There are different viewpoints, and more high-quality studies are urgently needed. Researchers need to better understand both autism and demand avoidance, identify effective support strategies, and establish clear ways to describe the PDA\u00a0profile.<\/p>\n<p>In early 2019, the PDA Society hosted a research meeting with academics and other experts from the UK and Ireland. The event allowed researchers to share their latest findings, discuss key ideas, and identify the most important research priorities. The goal was to build a shared understanding and focus on practical ways to support individuals with PDA. All 31 participants agreed that the meeting was valuable and productive. More collaboration and research are needed to improve knowledge and support for those with\u00a0PDA.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Research-Meeting-Report.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11922\"><h2>Title: Understanding Extreme\/Pathological Demand Avoidance (E\/PDA)<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2019<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Challenges, Conduct Disorder, Demand Avoidance, Education, ODD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Support Strategies<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Liz O\u2019Nions, Francesca Happ\u00e9, and Essi Viding<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This article explores the debate around whether extreme\/pathological demand avoidance (E\/PDA) is part of the autism spectrum or a separate condition. It provides an overview of current research and compares behaviours seen in classic autism with those in individuals with a strong demand avoidant profile. The paper describes challenging behaviours linked to E\/PDA and the difficulties faced by caregivers and\u00a0schools.<\/p>\n<p>The research also examines similarities and differences between E\/PDA, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD). While some behaviours overlap, E\/PDA appears distinct. The article discusses how E\/PDA may resemble a \u201cfemale-typical\u201d autism presentation, where symptoms can be harder to recognise. Finally, the paper outlines strategies for managing E\/PDA behaviours and stresses the need for more research on recognition, diagnosis, and support. Raising awareness is crucial to improving understanding and intervention for individuals with\u00a0E\/PDA.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Understanding-Extreme-Pathological-Demand-Avoidance.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11923\"><h2>Title: The Measurement of Adult Pathological Demand Avoidance Traits<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2019<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Adult Diagnosis, Autism, Behavioural Assessment, EDA-QA, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Screening Tools<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Vincent Egan, Omer Linenberg, Elizabeth O\u2019Nions<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper examines the validity of the\u00a0<em>Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire for Adults (EDA-QA)<\/em>\u00a0as a screening tool for identifying Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) traits in adults. Two studies were conducted using participants recruited from online forums focused on autism-related\u00a0topics.<\/p>\n<p>Participants completed either the full or short form of the\u00a0<em>Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ)<\/em>, alongside other recognised measures of behavioural and personality traits linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study analysed the overlap between these scores and EDA-QA results, concluding that the EDA-QA can effectively screen for PDA traits in\u00a0adults.<\/p>\n<p>This research is valuable for professionals working in adult autism assessments and individuals seeking diagnostic pathways for PDA. It highlights the need for further investigation into PDA in adulthood and the development of clinical tools to support accurate identification and\u00a0intervention.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3722-7\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11927\"><h2>Title: Tool to Support Diagnosis of ASD, PDA, and Attachment Disorders<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Attachment Disorders, Autism, Clinical Assessment, Coventry Grid Interview, Diagnosis, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Judy Eaton, Kathryn Duncan, Ellen Hesketh<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper discusses updates to the Coventry Grid Interview, a tool used by clinicians to help assess children with autism and attachment disorders. Diagnosing these conditions can be difficult, as they sometimes show overlapping behaviours, and some children may have both. The paper introduces modifications to the Coventry Grid Interview to include indicators for Pathological Demand Avoidance\u00a0(PDA).<\/p>\n<p>These updates aim to help professionals better recognise PDA traits and distinguish them from autism and attachment disorders. However, the Coventry Grid Interview is not a stand-alone diagnostic tool but is meant to be used as part of a full clinical assessment. The paper highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis to ensure children receive the right support. This addition to the assessment process could improve understanding and help tailor interventions for children with\u00a0PDA.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/GAP-Eaton-et-al-Modification-of-the-Coventry-Grid-Interview.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11924\"><h2>Title: Autism, PDA Presentations, and Theory of Mind (PhD thesis)<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behaviour, Child Development, Clinical Psychology, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Theory of Mind<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Ellie Bishop<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This research explores how well children understand others\u2019 thoughts and feelings, known as Theory of Mind (ToM). It compares children with and without Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) and finds that stronger ToM skills are linked to lower aggression, especially in younger children. The study also shows that children with ASC generally have lower ToM abilities, and those with better ToM experience fewer difficulties with socialising and\u00a0communication.<\/p>\n<p>The research further examines Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), a behavioural pattern where children strongly resist demands. PDA traits are often linked to behavioural difficulties, stress for parents, and school challenges. However, this study finds no connection between PDA and ToM, suggesting that different factors cause PDA behaviours. The findings highlight the need for personalised support strategies and early recognition of PDA traits during autism assessments. This research contributes valuable insights into an area that requires further study and better\u00a0understanding.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/10057038\/\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11937\"><h2>Title: Preventing School Exclusion: A Case Study of a Primary-Aged Autistic Child with ADHD and a PDA Profile<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> ADHD, Autism, Classroom Strategies, Education, Inclusion, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, School Exclusion<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Catrina Lyle, Heather Leatherland<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This case study details the support strategies used to prevent a third school exclusion for\u00a0<em>Jack<\/em>, a 7-year-old boy diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) and ADHD, later identified as having an Extreme Demand Avoidance (EDA) profile. Despite traditional autism strategies, Jack struggled with peer relationships, found school demands overwhelming, and exhibited disruptive behaviours that led to two temporary\u00a0exclusions.<\/p>\n<p>With guidance from an autism advisory teacher and a paediatrician, Jack\u2019s school implemented key adjustments, including modifying the school environment and providing staff with specialised autism and EDA training. These changes helped Jack thrive in\u00a0school.<\/p>\n<p>The study highlights practical interventions that can support autistic students with demand avoidance traits and provides an optimistic perspective for educators and parents. It emphasises the importance of individualised approaches and collaboration to prevent school exclusion and ensure a positive learning\u00a0experience.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Preventing-School-Exclusion-Lyle-and-Leatherland.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11932\"><h2>Title: Commentary: Conceptualising Demand Avoidance<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Challenges, Conceptual Framework, Demand Avoidance, Diagnosis, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Osman Malik, Gillian Baird<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This commentary by Malik and Baird discusses the challenges of defining and diagnosing Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). It responds to O\u2019Nions et al.\u2019s 2017 paper,\u00a0<em>Dimensions of Difficulty in Children with Autism and Extreme Demand Avoidance<\/em>, by emphasising the need to look beyond demand avoidance itself and consider its underlying\u00a0causes.<\/p>\n<p>The authors argue that using PDA as a distinct label may be unhelpful, as it could overlook the complex factors driving these behaviours. They suggest that identifying and addressing the child\u2019s specific difficulties-such as anxiety, sensory sensitivities, or difficulties with flexibility-may be more beneficial than applying a PDA diagnosis. The paper raises concerns that the PDA label could lead to misunderstandings and potentially limit effective interventions. Instead, they advocate for a broader, needs-based approach to assessment and support for children displaying extreme demand\u00a0avoidance.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/camh.12273\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11926\"><h2>Title: Emotion Regulation and Executive Function in Autism and PDA (PhD thesis)<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Child Development, Clinical Psychology, Emotion Regulation, Executive Function, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Anna Goodson<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This research explores how children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) traits manage emotions and problem-solving skills. It reviews studies on how well children with ASD control their emotions compared to those without ASD. The findings show that children with ASD often have more difficulty handling\u00a0emotions.<\/p>\n<p>The study is also the first to look at how executive function (EF)-the ability to plan, focus, and control impulses-relates to PDA behaviours. It finds that children with ASD and PDA traits have more EF difficulties than children without ASD. This suggests that struggles with EF may contribute to demand avoidance behaviours. The research highlights the need to consider what kind of task a child is avoiding and what EF skills are required to complete it. The findings emphasise the importance of tailored support strategies to help children and families manage these\u00a0challenges.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/10057420\/\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11928\"><h2>Title: Developing an Assessment Pathway for Children with a Pathological Demand Avoidance Profile<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Assessment Pathway, Autism, Education, Intervention Strategies, Multi-Agency Support, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Lisa Summerhill and Kate Collett<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper discusses the need for a structured assessment pathway for children suspected to have a Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) profile. Lisa Summerhill, a Lead Clinical Psychologist, and Kate Collett, a post-diagnostic autism team coordinator, highlight the increasing demand for PDA assessments and the challenges faced by schools and\u00a0families.<\/p>\n<p>The authors emphasise a cautious approach to labelling, advocating for \u201cassessment through intervention.\u201d This means observing how children respond to different support strategies rather than relying solely on formal diagnoses. They stress the importance of regular collaboration between professionals, families, and educators to guide next steps. The paper also calls for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of current approaches and improve understanding of children who are often seen as complex and challenging. The authors aim to build on expertise in Solihull to better support these children and prevent school\u00a0exclusions.<\/p>\n<p><a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/GAP-Summerhill-and-Collett.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">View journal article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/childrenscommunitytherapies.uhb.nhs.uk\/specialist-assessment-service\/pathological-demand-avoidance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">View Solihull Children\u2019s Community Therapies\u2019 PDA page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Developing-an-assessment-pathway-Solihull.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11929\"><h2>Title: Pathological Demand Avoidance: Symptoms but Not a Syndrome<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Challenges, Co-occurring Conditions, Diagnosis, Individualised Support, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Lisa Summerhill and Kate Collett<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This article examines whether Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) should be considered a separate syndrome or simply a set of complex behaviours within or beyond autism. The authors review existing research and conclude that there is not enough evidence to classify PDA as an independent\u00a0condition.<\/p>\n<p>However, the term PDA does highlight real challenges faced by many children with autism, particularly in managing social, sensory, and cognitive sensitivities. The paper stresses the importance of recognising frequently co-occurring conditions and understanding how these factors interact with a child\u2019s environment. Instead of focusing on PDA as a diagnosis, the authors advocate for individualised management strategies tailored to each child\u2019s needs. They emphasise the need for strong collaboration between professionals and families to develop effective support, particularly in education and daily life. Clear communication and shared understanding are essential to improving outcomes for children and their\u00a0families.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanchi\/article\/PIIS2352-4642(18)30044-0\/fulltext\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11930\"><h2>Title: Demand Avoidance is Not Necessarily Defiance<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Anxiety, Autism, Behaviour, Demand Avoidance, Intervention Strategies, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Francesca Happ\u00e9, Essi Viding, Judith Gould, Ilse Noens<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This correspondence responds to Jonathan Green and colleagues\u2019 discussion on demand avoidance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The authors caution against viewing extreme demand avoidance as a set of co-occurring conditions, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), as this could lead to the use of reinforcement-based strategies designed for disruptive behaviours. Instead, they argue that avoidance in ASD is often driven by anxiety, not a desire for\u00a0control.<\/p>\n<p>They highlight research showing that some children with ASD experience demands as threatening, leading to extreme avoidance behaviours. Standard behaviour management techniques may escalate distress rather than help. Instead of labelling these behaviours as defiance, the authors emphasise the need for research into effective interventions that address anxiety-driven avoidance. They advocate for careful assessment and individualised support, rather than reactive responses that could worsen difficulties. Developing evidence-based strategies for managing demand avoidance in ASD is a key\u00a0priority.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/11h48o2JmbCXjOjeMuZAisawPFfusshOt\/view\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11931\"><h2>Title: Behavioural and Emotional Disorders in Childhood: An Overview for Paediatricians<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Behavioural Disorders, Child Development, Diagnosis, DSM-5, Emotional Disorders, Intervention, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Michael O. Ogundele<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper provides a comprehensive review of behavioural, emotional, and developmental disorders in children and adolescents. It is designed as a guide for clinicians, emphasising the importance of early recognition and diagnosis. The paper explains how these disorders present clinically and are diagnosed using the\u00a0<em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition\u00a0(DSM-5)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<em>Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire (EDA-Q)<\/em>\u00a0is highlighted for its role in identifying Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). The paper discusses the impact of challenging behaviours on a child\u2019s education, sleep, family life, and future career opportunities. It also examines the prevalence and causes of mental health issues in children with behavioural difficulties. Current recommendations for diagnosis and management are reviewed, including available interventions and medications. The study underscores the need for tailored support strategies to improve long-term outcomes for children with these\u00a0challenges.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2219-2808\/full\/v7\/i1\/9.htm\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11935\"><h2>Title: Commentary: Conceptualising Demand Avoidance in an ASD Context \u2013 A Response to Osman Malik &#038; Gillian Baird (2018)<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Assessment, Clinical Framework, Demand Avoidance, Diagnosis, ODD, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Ilse Noens<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This response to Malik and Baird (2018) continues the discussion on how to understand and conceptualise Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) within autism. O\u2019Nions and Noens agree on the importance of exploring the underlying causes of demand avoidance in clinical settings, considering factors such as environmental context, specific triggers, and the mechanisms that reinforce these\u00a0behaviours.<\/p>\n<p>However, they caution against using co-occurring conditions, such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), to describe PDA-like behaviours. They argue that this could lead to the use of reinforcement-based interventions that may not be appropriate for children with PDA. Instead, they stress the need for a nuanced understanding of demand avoidance that considers the complexities of autism-related difficulties. The paper highlights the risk of misinterpretation and emphasises the need for tailored, individualised approaches to support children\u00a0effectively.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/camh.12287\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11938\"><h2>Title: Differentiating Between Pathological Demand Avoidance and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case Study<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2017<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Antisocial Personality Disorder, Diagnosis, Forensic Psychology, Misdiagnosis, Offending Behaviour, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Grace Trundle, Leam A. Craig, Ian Stringer<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This case study explores the differences between Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), particularly in forensic settings where misdiagnosis can occur. The paper highlights how both conditions may present with overlapping behavioural traits, such as difficulties with authority, impulsivity, and manipulative\u00a0behaviours.<\/p>\n<p>However, the study underscores key differences, including the underlying causes of these behaviours. While PDA-related avoidance is often driven by anxiety and an overwhelming need for control, ASPD traits are typically rooted in persistent disregard for others and a lack of empathy. The research warns that professionals working with offenders who have personality disorders must be cautious to avoid conceptual confusion between these conditions. Recognising these distinctions is essential for ensuring that individuals receive appropriate support and intervention, rather than incorrect diagnoses that could lead to ineffective or even harmful management\u00a0strategies.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/jidob-07-2016-0013\/full\/html\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11939\"><h2>Title: Dimensions of Difficulty in Children with Autism and Extreme Pathological Demand Avoidance<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2017<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Challenges, Extreme Demand Avoidance, Intervention, Parent Perspectives, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Essi Viding, Caroline Floyd, Emma Quinlan, Connie Pidgeon, Judith Gould, Francesca Happ\u00e9<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_202  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">\n<p>This study explores the behavioural challenges of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who also show traits of extreme\/pathological demand avoidance (PDA). Based on parent interviews, it examines how these children obsessively avoid everyday demands, display \u2018strategic\u2019 (rather than manipulative) behaviour, and experience sudden mood\u00a0changes.<\/p>\n<p>Parents identified additional difficulties, such as the child\u2019s need to control situations and others\u2019 actions. The study found that extreme behaviours were often triggered by emotional responses to pressure, sensory sensitivities, phobias, and fear of the unknown. These findings support previous research while also providing new insights into how these behaviours\u00a0manifest.<\/p>\n<p>The research highlights the importance of addressing these challenges in daily life through targeted interventions. It also emphasises the need for further exploration of how PDA-related behaviours differ from or overlap with other behavioural profiles beyond\u00a0autism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_203  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">\n<p><strong>Winner<\/strong>\u00a0of\u00a0<a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acamh.org\/blog\/leading-lights-celebrated-in-the-acamh-awards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CAMH Best Paper Award 2019<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/camh.12242\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11941\"><h2>Title: Excluded from School: Autistic Students\u2019 Experiences of School Exclusion and Re-Integration<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2017<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Education, Inclusion, Re-Integration, School Exclusion, Special Educational Needs<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Janina Brede, Anna Remington, Lorcan Kenny, Katy Warren, Elizabeth Pellicano<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study explores the experiences of autistic students who have been excluded from school and their subsequent attempts at re-integration. Despite the right to education and inclusion, autistic students-especially those with complex needs-are at a higher risk of school exclusion, which can negatively impact their well-being and future\u00a0opportunities.<\/p>\n<p>The research investigates key factors contributing to exclusion and the challenges faced by students, parents, and educators in re-integrating them into education. Findings highlight the need for better understanding, support strategies, and adjustments to ensure autistic students can remain in school. The study calls for more inclusive education policies and interventions that recognise the specific needs of autistic students, helping to prevent exclusion and support long-term educational\u00a0success.<\/p>\n<p>This paper is relevant to educators, policymakers, and families seeking to improve school experiences for autistic\u00a0students.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2396941517737511\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11943\"><h2>Title: PDA Behavioural Features: An Examination Using a Semi-Structured Interview<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2016<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Assessment, Autism, Behavioural Features, Demand Avoidance, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Support Strategies<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Caroline Floyd, Emma Quinlan, Antonia San Jos\u00e9 C\u00e1ceres, Connie Pidgeon, Essi Viding, Francesca Happ\u00e9<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This poster summarises research on the behavioural features of extreme\/pathological demand avoidance (PDA) using a semi-structured interview with parents of children diagnosed with autism who also displayed PDA traits. The study identified key areas of difficulty, including struggles with following demands, controlling behaviours, extreme reactions, engagement in fantasy\/role play, avoidance strategies, poor social awareness, and intense emotional\u00a0instability.<\/p>\n<p>The findings highlight the significant challenges that PDA behaviours create for families and schools. The paper stresses that these behaviours should be properly assessed to develop effective management strategies tailored to each child\u2019s needs. Recognising and addressing these behavioural difficulties early can help improve support for children with PDA, their families, and educators. This research contributes to a better understanding of PDA within the autism spectrum and reinforces the need for individualised approaches in assessment and\u00a0intervention.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/0B1_tlBvtq7E-TWl0QTIwUThNR3M\/view\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (permission required to access link)<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11942\"><h2>Title: Parents\u2019 Experiences of Professionals\u2019 Involvement for Children with Extreme Demand Avoidance<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2016<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Demand Avoidance, Education, Healthcare, Parental Experiences, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Professional Support<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Emma Gore Langton, Norah Frederickson<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study examines parents\u2019 experiences of working with professionals to support children with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). PDA is characterised by an extreme difficulty in tolerating everyday demands, leading to avoidance behaviours often described as \u2018socially manipulative.\u2019 Children with PDA also display impulsivity, obsessive behaviours, and difficulties with social\u00a0identity.<\/p>\n<p>While awareness and research on PDA are gradually increasing, parents report ongoing struggles in getting their children\u2019s needs recognised and properly addressed by health and education services. The study explores what parents value most in professional involvement, highlighting the importance of understanding, flexibility, and tailored support approaches. The findings emphasise the need for improved awareness and training among professionals to ensure families receive appropriate guidance and intervention. This research is particularly relevant for educators, clinicians, and policymakers looking to improve outcomes for children with PDA and their\u00a0families.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/20473869.2016.1204743?needAccess=true&#038;journalCode=yjdd20\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11945\"><h2>Title: Mapping the Educational Experiences of Children with Pathological Demand Avoidance<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2015<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Education, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, School Exclusion, Special Educational Needs, Support Strategies<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Dr. Emma Gore Langton, Prof. Norah Frederickson<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study explores the educational experiences of children with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) through parent-reported questionnaires. It aims to provide insight for educators and parents navigating the education system with a PDA\u00a0child.<\/p>\n<p>Findings confirm that children with PDA face significant challenges in school, displaying high levels of behavioural difficulties. Despite receiving extensive special educational needs (SEN) support and professional involvement, many still experience school exclusions and placement breakdowns. However, parents rated their child\u2019s current school placement moderately positively, with an average \u2018success\u2019 score of\u00a06\/10.<\/p>\n<p>The study highlights the urgent need for tailored educational approaches for children with PDA. It also discusses the implications of these findings by comparing them to the experiences of children with more typical autism spectrum conditions. The research underscores the importance of understanding PDA-specific needs to improve inclusion and long-term educational\u00a0outcomes.<\/p>\n<p><a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/1471-3802.12081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">View academic paper<\/a>\u00a0(access to full article requires payment).<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/pdaeducationalexperiences.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pda-educational-experiences-research-summary1.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11952\"><h2>Title: Prevalence Study: Extreme (&#8220;Pathological&#8221;) Demand Avoidance in Autism<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2015<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Interview, Faroe Islands, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Prevalence, Social and Communication Disorders<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Christopher Gillberg, Carina Gillberg, Lucy Thompson, Rannv\u00e1 Biskupsto, Eva Billstedt<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study examines the prevalence of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) within a general population of individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the Faroe Islands. Researchers screened all 15 to 24-year-olds for ASD, identifying 67 individuals who met the diagnostic criteria. Parents of 50 of these individuals were interviewed using the\u00a0<em>Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO)<\/em>, which includes 15 PDA-specific\u00a0items.<\/p>\n<p>The study found that nine individuals (around 20% of those with ASD) had shown PDA traits in childhood. However, by the time of assessment, only one person still met the full PDA criteria. The findings suggest that while PDA traits may be present in childhood, they may not persist into late adolescence and early adulthood in the same way. This study is a thought-provoking read for professionals and those interested in PDA diagnosis and\u00a0classification.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-014-0647-3\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11950\"><h2>Title: Diagnostic Tool: Features of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) Identified Using the DISCO<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2015<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Assessment, Clinical Interview, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Interview, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Social and Communication Disorders<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Judith Gould, Phil Christie, Christopher Gillberg, Essi Viding, Francesca Happ\u00e9<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This poster provides a visual summary of research on how the\u00a0<em>Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders<\/em>\u00a0(DISCO) can help identify Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA). The study aimed to pinpoint which DISCO items best distinguish PDA from other autism spectrum profiles and to analyse the behavioural traits of individuals with\u00a0PDA.<\/p>\n<p>Using data from a previous parent-report study, researchers identified eleven DISCO items strongly associated with PDA. These included behaviours like \u2018lack of co-operation,\u2019 \u2018apparently manipulative behaviour,\u2019 \u2018difficulties with others,\u2019 and \u2018repetitive acting out roles.\u2019 While PDA traits overlapped with core autism spectrum disorder (ASD) features, the PDA group displayed more extreme behavioural challenges. The findings highlight the need for tailored assessment tools to accurately identify PDA traits. This research helps improve understanding of PDA within the autism spectrum and informs future diagnostic\u00a0approaches.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/0B1_tlBvtq7E-NlMxNXhLemRDVDA\/view?ths=true\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (permission required to access link)<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11946\"><h2>Title: Identifying Features of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) Using the Diagnostic Interview (DISCO)<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2015<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Assessment, Clinical Interview, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Interview, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Social and Communication Disorders<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Judith Gould, Phil Christie, Christopher Gillberg, Essi Viding, Francesca Happ\u00e9<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper explores how the\u00a0<em>Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders<\/em>\u00a0(DISCO) can help identify features of Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) within the autism spectrum. It reviews existing DISCO items that appear to be more specific to PDA traits and discusses how they compare to broader autism\u00a0characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>The study identified eleven DISCO items that strongly align with PDA. A group of individuals with a high number of these PDA-related traits was analysed, and their characteristics matched earlier descriptions of PDA by Elizabeth Newson and colleagues. The paper emphasises the need for a clinician-rated tool to assess PDA features more systematically. It also calls for further research to clarify the PDA profile within the autism spectrum. This study is particularly useful for professionals and those interested in how PDA is diagnosed using structured clinical\u00a0interviews.<\/p>\n<p><a role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/1481356\/2\/O&#039;Nions_Online_resources_O&#039;Nions_10%2005%202015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">View supplementary materials<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4820467\/\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11956\"><h2>Title: Pathological Demand Avoidance in a Population-Based Cohort of Children with Epilepsy: Four Case Studies<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2014<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Diagnosis, Epilepsy, Holistic Assessment, Neurodevelopmental Conditions, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Colin Reilly, Patricia Atkinson, Leanne Menlove, Christopher Gillberg, Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Francesca Happ\u00e9, Brian G.R. Neville<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper presents four case studies exploring the relationship between Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) and epilepsy in children. The study highlights the complexity of neurodevelopmental conditions and the frequent overlap of multiple\u00a0diagnoses.<\/p>\n<p>The case studies demonstrate how children with epilepsy may also exhibit extreme demand avoidance, emphasising the need for holistic assessments that consider PDA traits. The paper underscores the importance of identifying PDA within broader neurodevelopmental evaluations to ensure appropriate support and intervention. Recognising demand avoidance in children with epilepsy can help tailor educational and clinical approaches to meet their needs\u00a0effectively.<\/p>\n<p>This research contributes to the growing understanding of PDA as part of a broader spectrum of neurodevelopmental challenges and reinforces the necessity of individualised assessments for children with complex medical and behavioural profiles. It is particularly relevant for clinicians, educators, and researchers studying developmental\u00a0disorders.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0891422214003461?via%3Dihub\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11955\"><h2>Title: Reflections on the 2014 Paper by O\u2019Nions et al<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2014<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> ADHD, Child Psychiatry, Diagnosis, EDA-Q, Extreme Demand Avoidance, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Christopher Gillberg<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This commentary by Christopher Gillberg provides a historical perspective on Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) and its classification. Drawing from 40 years of experience in child and adolescent psychiatry, Gillberg suggests that PDA is not rare and often coexists with conditions like ADHD, anorexia nervosa, and other behavioural syndromes. He acknowledges PDA as a significant clinical issue that requires greater\u00a0understanding.<\/p>\n<p>The paper praises the development of the\u00a0<em>Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire (EDA-Q)<\/em>\u00a0by Elizabeth O\u2019Nions et al., discussing its usefulness and the need for further research. Gillberg proposes renaming PDA to\u00a0<em>Extreme Demand Avoidance (EDA)<\/em>\u00a0to avoid confusion with \u201cPublic Displays of Affection\u201d and to emphasize the undeniable severity of the avoidance. He argues that while the demand avoidance is extreme, debates will continue about whether it is truly pathological. This article is a thought-provoking read for professionals and parents\u00a0alike.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jcpp.12275\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11954\"><h2>Title: Pathological Demand Avoidance: Exploring the Behavioural Profile<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2014<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Assessment, Callous-Unemotional Traits, Conduct Problems, Intervention, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Essi Viding, Corina U. Greven, Angelica Ronald, Francesca Happ\u00e9<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This study examines the behavioural traits of children with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) compared to those with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Conduct Problems (CPs), and Callous-Unemotional Traits (CUs). The research aimed to explore whether PDA should be considered a distinct syndrome and addressed ongoing debates around its\u00a0classification.<\/p>\n<p>Using standardised parent-report measures, the study found that children with PDA exhibited severe impairments across multiple areas. Social difficulties in PDA were similar to those seen in ASD, while antisocial traits and reduced pro-social behaviours resembled those found in CP\/CU groups. The paper discusses management strategies tailored to each group, emphasising the particular challenges faced by children with PDA traits. It also highlights the need for further research into the neurocognitive basis of PDA and potential interventions. This study contributes to the growing understanding of PDA and its place within developmental\u00a0disorders.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1362361313481861\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11957\"><h2>Title: Development of the Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire (EDA-Q)<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2013<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Assessment, EDA-Q, Extreme Demand Avoidance, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Research Tool<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth O\u2019Nions, Phil Christie, Judith Gould, Essi Viding, Francesca Happ\u00e9<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper details the development of the\u00a0<em>Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire<\/em>\u00a0(EDA-Q), a tool designed to measure PDA traits based on parent-reported behaviours. Published in 2013, when awareness of PDA was growing among professionals, the study aimed to test the validity of this new questionnaire and its ability to quantify PDA-related\u00a0behaviours.<\/p>\n<p>The research concluded that the EDA-Q is a useful tool for identifying PDA traits in children, though it is not a formal diagnostic test. Instead, it provides a standardised way for researchers and clinicians to measure PDA tendencies for study purposes. While aimed at professionals, the paper may also interest parents who have encountered the EDA-Q and want to understand its background and reliability. The study contributed to the broader recognition of PDA and laid the groundwork for further research into assessment and support\u00a0strategies.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/1422617\/1\/O&#039;Nions_EDAQ_accepted.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11960\"><h2>Title: Adult Diagnosis of Pathological Demand Avoidance \u2013 Subsequent Care Planning<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2012<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Adult Diagnosis, Behaviour Management, Care Planning, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Psychological Interventions, Secure Hospital<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Judy Eaton, Rosie Banting<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper presents a case study of a young woman diagnosed with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) while in a low secure hospital. The study highlights the importance of accurate assessment in residential and secure settings, as misdiagnosis or inappropriate formulations can lead to distress and increased challenging\u00a0behaviours.<\/p>\n<p>The paper outlines the clinical features observed in the patient and details the management strategies and psychological interventions implemented following her diagnosis. It emphasises the need for professionals working in secure settings to be aware of PDA, as traditional behaviour management approaches may be ineffective or even counterproductive. The study underscores the importance of tailored care planning to ensure that individuals with PDA receive appropriate support. This research is particularly relevant for clinicians, caregivers, and professionals working in forensic or residential\u00a0settings.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20420921211305891\/full\/html?skipTracking=true\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11961\"><h2>Title: Helping Your Child with PDA to Play: Eight Strategies for Supporting a Child with Pathological Demand Avoidance at Home<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2011<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Support, Parenting Strategies, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Play, Social Skills<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Josephine Carlile<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This case study explores strategies for helping a young boy with Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) engage in play, develop social skills, and build positive relationships. Recognising that traditional parenting techniques may not be effective for children with PDA, the study outlines eight key strategies that supported his\u00a0progress:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The use of humour<\/strong>\u00a0to reduce anxiety and encourage engagement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirect praise<\/strong>\u00a0to avoid pressure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thinking aloud<\/strong>\u00a0to model problem-solving without direct instruction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Flexibility and creativity<\/strong>\u00a0to allow choice and autonomy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tone of voice<\/strong>\u00a0to create a calm and inviting environment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Letting things go<\/strong>\u00a0to avoid unnecessary conflict.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Treating anger as communication<\/strong>\u00a0rather than defiance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Building positive relationships<\/strong>\u00a0to foster trust and cooperation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This paper is a valuable resource for parents and caregivers looking for practical, everyday strategies to support children with PDA at\u00a0home.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Helping-Your-Child-with-PDA-to-Play-Eight-Strategies-for-Supporting-a-Child-with-Pathological-Demand-Avoidance-at-Home.pdf\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"crp-resource\" id=\"post-id-11963\"><h2>Title: The Need for Distinguishing PDA within Pervasive Developmental Disorders<\/h2><p><strong>Year Published: <\/strong> 2003<\/p><p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong> Autism, Behavioural Assessment, Diagnosis, Early Recognition, Pathological Demand Avoidance, PDA, Pervasive Developmental Disorders<\/p><p><strong>Authors: <\/strong> Elizabeth Newson, Le Mar\u00e9chal K, David C<\/p><p><strong>Summary: <\/strong><\/p><p> <p>This paper by Elizabeth Newson and colleagues aimed to establish Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) as a distinct condition within the Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs), now classified as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Newson identified a group of children with severe behavioural difficulties who did not fit traditional autism or Asperger\u2019s syndrome criteria. Many had been diagnosed with\u00a0<em>PDD \u2013 Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)<\/em>, which often led to confusion and inappropriate management\u00a0strategies.<\/p>\n<p>Newson\u2019s research, based on children seen in her clinics between 1975 and 2000, demonstrated key behavioural differences that supported PDA as a separate diagnosis. A follow-up study of individuals aged 16-32 confirmed the robustness of Newson\u2019s original descriptions into adulthood. Since this paper\u2019s publication, recognition of PDA within the autism spectrum has grown significantly. However, it remains an important read for parents and professionals seeking to understand the value of accurate diagnosis for effective\u00a0intervention.<\/p>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/adc.bmj.com\/content\/88\/7\/595\" class=\"crp-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read here (access to full article requires payment).<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-9868c831-dc08-4be7-96b8-e0cb537cb9dc&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;40px|40px|40px|40px|false|false&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|24px|24px|24px|24px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-9868c831-dc08-4be7-96b8-e0cb537cb9dc%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Will you be the first to know about PDA research?&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h2&#8243; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>There\u2019s always more to learn about PDA &#8211; and it can be hard to keep up. Our newsletter brings updates, ideas and support straight to your inbox. It\u2019s free, and easy to join.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjgwMjgifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Sign up&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-6923f909-25e5-4c77-be27-cbebb4bb1b7c%22:%91%22button_bg_color%22,%22button_border_color%22%93}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-d4d84b5e-d061-48e7-894c-a52b4e3d47de%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;PDA Research overviews&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; title_text_align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; title_text_align_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; title_text_align_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;&#8211;et_global_heading_font||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;30px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;30px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;15px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;] There are lots of research overviews on this page, you can use the drop down box to search by research [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":11495,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"course_tag":[],"class_list":["post-7765","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7765","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7765"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7765\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7765"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"course_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pdasociety.org.uk\/pda2025staging\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/course_tag?post=7765"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}